1. SERVER-SIDE LANGUAGES
Purpose: Handle the logic, data processing, and server operations of web applications.
Popular Languages:
PHP: Easy to learn, widely used for web development with frameworks like Laravel.
Node.js: JavaScript runtime for building scalable network applications.
Python: Versatile language, popular with frameworks like Django and Flask.
Java: Robust, used for enterprise-level applications with frameworks like Spring.
2. DATABASES
Purpose: Store, retrieve, and manage data for web applications.
Types:
SQL (Relational): Structured data with relations (e.g., MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQL Server).
NoSQL (Non-relational): Flexible schema for unstructured data (e.g., MongoDB, Cassandra).
CRUD Operations: Create, Read, Update, Delete- basic database interactions.
3. APIS
Purpose: Enable communication between the server and client or between different services.
Types:
REST (Representational State Transfer): Uses HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) and URLs.
GraphQL: Aquery language for APIs that allows clients to request specific data.
SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol): Protocol for exchanging structured information in web services.
4. AUTHENTICATION & AUTHORIZATION
Authentication: Verifies the identity of a user (e.g., login systems).
Authorization: Determines user permissions (e.g., access control).
Methods
Sessions/Cookies: Store session data on the server or client.
JWT (JSON Web Tokens): Secure tokens for stateless authentication.
Auth : Protocol for authorization (e.g., social login)
5. WEB SERVERS
Purpose: Serve web pages and handle client requests.
Popular Servers:
Apache: Open-source, widely used with support for PHP.
Nginx: High-performance server, often used as a reverse proxy.
Node.js: Built-in server capabilities with the HTTP module.
6. MIDDLEWARE
Purpose: Process requests and responses before reaching the server or client.
Examples:
Express.js Middleware: Handles tasks like logging, authentication, and error handling.
Middleware in Django: Processes requests and responses, enabling security and session management.
7. VERSION CONTROL
Git: Track changes, collaborate on code, and manage versions (git init, git branch, git merge).
Branching: Work on features/bug fixes without affecting the main codebase
8. DEPLOYMENT
Purpose: Make applications available to users.
Tools:
Containers: Package applications and dependencies (e.g., Docker).
CI/CD Pipelines: Automate testing, integration, and deployment (e.g., Jenkins, GitHub Actions).
Cloud Services: Host applications on cloud platforms (e.g., AWS, Azure, Google Cloud).